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Forest Biodiversity: Current Trends
A new report from the Swedish Forestry Agency paints a serious picture of the state of biodiversity in Swedish forests.
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31 October 2025 | Article
Ex-post vs Ex-ante Credits
Carbon credits are generated by two types of projects – ex-post or ex-ante. Learn more about what sets them apart.
Ex-post are projects where carbon credits are issued after emissions reductions or removals have already occurred and have been verified by an independent auditor.
Ex-ante are projects where carbon credits are sold or issued in advance, based on projected future emissions reductions or removals, often to raise funding for the project
Many inexpensive carbon credits are generated by ex-ante projects, for instance a tree planting project in a developing country. However, ex-ante projects also come with higher risks and have been criticized by many for not living up to quality expectations. This has created a demand for so-called high integrity, high-quality ex-post projects. Yes, they cost more but are also far more reliable.
Ex-post Projects
Biggest Advantage: Verified and realized emissions reductions – credits are based on actual, independently verified climate impact, providing high certainty for buyers. Boreal Mix is an example of an ex-post project.
Main Risk: Higher upfront cost for project developers – they must fund the project before earning revenue from credits.
Ex-Ante Projects
Biggest Advantage: Upfront financing for projects – credits can be sold before reductions occur, providing early funding to start or expand climate projects.
Main Risk: Delivery risk – actual emissions reductions may not materialize, making credits uncertain or invalid.
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