21 February 2025 | Article

Swedish Forests in a Changing Climate 

Extreme and unpredictable weather is becoming more common as climate change accelerates, bringing higher average temperatures and milder winters. But how does a changing climate impact Swedish forests and wildlife? 

Dry summers and mild winters 
Climate change affects forest ecosystems in many ways, growing zones are shifting, along with the species tied to different habitats. Drier summers can cause drought stress, insect outbreaks, and increased wildfire risks. Warmer winters reduce ground frost, making soil less stable and increasing the risk of storm damage. Furthermore, if snow melts too early, groundwater levels may not replenish sufficiently, affecting trees' water supply.  

On the bright side, a longer growing season can promote forest growth, providing numerous benefits. However, these gains may be offset by a rise in natural disturbances. Additionally, an earlier burst of leaves and buds increases the risk of frost damage. 

Winners and losers in wildlife 
Wildlife is also affected, with both winners and losers. Roe deer and wild boar may find food more easily with thinner snow cover. Moose, however, are adapted to cold winters with thick fur, and may struggle to regulate body heat and risk overheating. Hibernating animals like hedgehogs could be negatively affected, as higher temperatures increase their metabolism, causing them to deplete fat reserves more quickly. 

For reindeer herders, the changing weather brings big challenges. Warmer days in autumn and winter create ice layers on the ground, making it hard for reindeer to reach their food. When the lichen is trapped under ice, the reindeer may starve and become dependent on extra feeding.

Uncertain future 
Rapidly changing climate puts pressure on ecosystems that have evolved in relatively stable conditions for a long time. Much remains uncertain, and time will tell how forests and wildlife will continue to adapt to these ongoing changes. 

Photo: fightCOtwo